Abstract
This narrative literature review examines the pathogenesis and histopathological features of alveolar atelectasis associated with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) during the first seven days of life. It describes relationships among surfactant deficiency, alveolar collapse, ventilation–perfusion mismatch, and hyaline membrane formation. A standardized approach is proposed for a future retrospective examination of autopsy cases from Khorezm region in 2023 and 2025. No regional frequencies or original findings are reported because primary case materials are not yet available.